Electric flux over an area in an electric field represents the total number of field lines crossing this area. The number of field...

Area is a scalar quantity, but in some the problems, it is convenient to treat it as vector. A small area can be treated as planar. As no...

Consider the charges q 1 and q 2 initially at infinity and determine the work done by an external agency to bring the charges to the ...

Potential energy of a single charge The external electric field E and the corresponding external potential V may vary from point to p...

Consider two closely spaced equipotential surfaces A and B Fig. with potential values V and V + δV, where δV is the change in V in the di...

An equipotential surface is a surface with a constant value of potential at all points on the surface . For a single charge q, the potent...

Take the origin at the centre of the dipole. Since potential is related to the work done by the field, electrostatic potential also follo...

Consider a system of charges q 1 , q 2 ,…, qn with position vectors r 1 , r 2 ,…, r n relative to some origin. The potential V 1 at P d...

Consider a point charge Q at the origin. For Q > 0, the work done against the repulsive force on the test charge is positive. Choose a...

Work done per unit test charge is characteristic of the electric field associated with the charge configuration. This leads to the idea of ...